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Tuberculosis (TB) is the biggest cause of human mortality from an infectious disease. The only vaccine currently available, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), demonstrates some protection against disseminated disease in childhood but very variable efficacy against pulmonary disease in adults. A greater understanding of protective host immune responses is required in order to aid the development of improved...
Heterogeneous coverage threatens to compromise the effectiveness of immunization programs in Zambia. Demand-creation initiatives are needed to address this; however, there is incomplete understanding of why vaccine coverage is suboptimal. We investigated overarching perceptions on vaccine acceptability, hesitancy, and accessibility at three informal settlements in Lusaka, Zambia.Nested within a cholera...
The prison setting carries unique risks for varicella outbreaks and the disease in adults, particularly those who are immunocompromised, can be life-threatening. In 2016–17, there were three outbreaks of varicella at three different correctional facilities in Rhode Island. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend post-exposure vaccination within three to five days for affected...
The first evidence in humans that a safe and effective preventive vaccine for HIV is possible came from the phase III HIV clinical trial RV144 in Thailand. This trial was based on a prime/boost combination of a recombinant canarypox vaccine and two glycoprotein 120 proteins (ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E). A pivotal phase IIb/III trial has recently commenced in the Republic of South Africa, for which...
This article presented the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendations on the use of Rabies vaccines excerpted from the Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018 published in the Weekly Epidemiological Record [1] This position paper replaces the 2010 WHO position paper on rabies vaccines [2]. It presents new evidence in the field of rabies and the use of rabies vaccines, focussing on...
A forty-year debate on the potential negative effects of repeated seasonal influenza vaccination has been inconclusive, with multiple observational studies of various design providing heterogeneous results too inadequate to inform vaccination policy.A large population-based cohort study including over one-million observations in individuals over age 65 from six consecutive seasons (2011/12–2016/17)...
In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a document aimed at facilitating influenza vaccine introduction and use in low- and middle-income countries. The document “The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series: Influenza Vaccines” is freely available on the WHO website. The main purpose of this document is to give immunization managers and vaccination professionals an authoritative...
The aim of this study was to develop and test an optimal vaccination strategy against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) based on the E2 glycoprotein of the BJ1305 strain. To achieve higher E2-specific antibody titers and to broaden the cellular immune response, a plasmid encoding the E2 protein (pcDNA3.1-E2) was constructed and a purified recombinant E2 protein was generated. The E2 protein was emulsified...
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of disability in congenitally infected infants and in the immunosuppressed. There is currently no licensed prophylactic HCMV vaccine. The HCMV envelope glycoprotein B (gB) is considered a major vaccine target antigen based on its critical role in mediating viral-host cell fusion and thus viral entry. The natural conformation of HCMV gB within the viral...
Sexual mixing between heterogeneous population subgroups is an integral component of mathematical models of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study compares the fit of different mixing representations to survey data and the impact of different mixing assumptions on the predicted benefits of hypothetical human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine strategies.We compared novel empirical (data-driven)...
We conducted the first nationwide survey in Slovenia to measure and characterise vaccine confidence among mothers of young children. This survey measured confidence in routine vaccines for children <2 years of age and in the information sources about these vaccinations to provide baseline data for public health actions to maintain and improve vaccination coverage.We randomly selected women giving...
Norovirus is thought to be responsible for a fifth of all acute gastroenteritis cases globally each year. The population level transmission dynamics of this very common virus are still poorly understood, in part because illness is under-reported. With vaccines undergoing clinical trials, there is a growing need for appropriate, empirically grounded models, to predict the likely impact of vaccination...
We assessed the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children 6 months to 15 years of age during the 2016/17 season. In addition, we estimated the impact of repeated vaccination in children on VE.Our study for VEs in preventing influenza and admission due to influenza were conducted according to a test-negative case-control design (TNCC) based on influenza rapid diagnostic...
Because vaccine co-administration can affect elicited immune responses, it is important to evaluate new vaccines in the context of pre-existing vaccination schedules. This is particularly necessary for new pediatric vaccines, as the World Health Organization’s infant immunization program already schedules several vaccines to be administered during the first months of life. To facilitate the assessment...
2-dose varicella vaccination has been available in Ningbo city, China since 2014 in the private sector. This study aimed to evaluate the breakthrough varicella infection rate, and to examine overall and incremental effectiveness of 2-dose varicella vaccination among Chinese children.A retrospective investigation was done among native children born from 2008 to 2013 in active surveillance area in Ningbo,...
Pharmacists in the United States (U.S.) are authorized to administer vaccines. This study described: how and to what extent immunization services are offered, promoted, and documented in community pharmacies; reasons for referral to other locations for vaccination; and perceived barriers to immunization services.A mixed-mode (mail/electronic) survey of a stratified random sample of 1999 nationally-representative...
A newly developed bovine-human reassortant pentavalent vaccine (BRV-PV, ROTASIIL®) was tested for its potential effect on the immunogenicity of concomitantly administered EPI vaccines in infants in a randomized controlled study in India.In this Phase III, multicenter, open label, randomized, controlled study, three doses of BRV-PV or two doses of Rotarix® and one dose of placebo were given to healthy...
Improving evidence informed decision-making in immunisation is a global health priority and many low and middle-income countries have established National Immunisation Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs) as independent technical advisory bodies for this purpose. NITAG development and strengthening has received financial and technical support over the past decade, but relatively little evaluation. This...
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